SHELL

 Shell Scripting

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What is Shell?

 Why shell?

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Shell - Shell is a command-line interpreter. It translates commands entered by the users and converts them into a language that is understood by the kernel. (Kernel Heart of a computer)

Kernel - The computer programs that allocate the system resources and coordinate all the details of the computer's internals are called Kernel or OS.

CLI -  Command-line interface is a text-based interface used to interact with software & OS by typing commands into the interface & receive a response in the same way. (Fastest ways, runs faster)

Graphical User Interface	Command Line Interface
Graphical Representation	Console Representation
Ease of use(depend upon comfort)😔	Ease of use (depend upon comfort)😊
OS is Slower	Faster OS
Less control	Granular Control

Shell Script - A Shell script is a command containing a text file that contains one or more commands.

Advantage

• Facilitates us to develop our own OS with relevant features.

Superblock - A program that contains all the information regarding a specific file system.

Types of Shell - basically there are two types of shell script.

Bourne Shell Type	C Shell Type
Bourne Shell	C Shell
Korn Shell	TENEX/TOPS C Shell
POSIX Shell	Z Shell

Variables - Character string which we assign to value, it can be number, text, filename, device, any other type of data.

• System Defined variables - Set command
• User-Defined variables - Echo command 

Types of Variables - Local, Environmental, Shell

• Local - Variable that is present within the current instance of the shell. They are not available to programs that are started by the shell. 
• Environmental - Variable that is available for any child process of the shell. Some programs need environmental variables to function.
• Shell - They are special variables set by the shell. They can be Local or Environmental. Required by the shell to function.

• cd - change directory
• pwd - show you the current working directory
• ls - for list
• cp - copy
• mv - move
• rm - remove
• echo -for print
• cat - concatenate the file.(textfile)
• less - utility that can be used to read the contents of the file on one page at a time.(textfile)
• grep - search for a particular pattern of characteristics.
• mkdir - make a directory
• touch - make file (Quickly)
• chmod - change mode
• man - manual/help.
• -l - used for long listing format.

The reason behind 111, 777, 000 Chmod 777 👀

n - Nothing, x - Execute, w - Write, r- Read

0 = 0 - n

1 = 1 - x

2 = 2 - w

3 = 2+1 - x+w

4 = 4(2+2) - r

5 = 4+1 - r+x

6 = 4+2 - r+w

7 = 4+2+1 - r+w+x

Creating Shortcut in Linux - Softlink & Hardlink

• Softlink - soft link is linked to the filename & can reside on different file systems, deleting the original file makes the soft link inactive.
• Hardlink - Hard links are linked to the inode of the file & have to be on the same file systems, deleting the original file does not affect the hard link.

An Inode number is a uniquely existing number for all the files in Linux and all Unix-type systems.

When a file is created on a system, a file name and Inode number are assigned to it.

Stages of Linux process -

• Waiting - In this stage the Linux process waits for the resource.
• Running - The Linux process is currently being executed. 
• Stopped - The Linux process is stopped after successful execution.
• Zombie - The process is stopped but still active in the process table.

Basic Operators - 

• Arithmetic
• Relational
• Boolean
• String
• File test

Shell Loops - 

• For Loop
• While Loop
• Until Loop
• Nested Loop
• Infinite Loop

Break Command - It's a Simple way to escape out of a loop in the program, we can use the break command to exit out from any loop including while and until loop.

Continue Command -  It causes the present iteration of the loop to exit, instead of the entire loop.

****** THANK YOU ******

यत् भावो - तत् भवति l